Lichenopedia of Lichenology

1. Fundamental Concepts

• Lichen

• Lichenized fungi

• Photobiont

• Mycobiont

• Symbiosis

• Mutualistic symbiosis

• Obligate symbiosis

• Chlorolichens

• Cyanolichens

• Nitrogen-fixing lichens

2. Structure and Morphology

• Lichen thallus

• Crustose lichens

• Foliose lichens

• Fruticose lichens

• Squamulose lichens

• Upper cortex

• Lower cortex

• Medulla

• Rhizines

• Cilia

• Cephalodia

• Soredia

• Isidia

• Thallus lobes

• Podetia

3. Reproductive and Micromorphological Structures

• Apothecium

• Perithecium

• Pycnidium

• Ascoma

• Ascus

• Ascospores

• Conidia

• Conidiomata

• Paraphyses

• Exciple (or Excipulum)

• Pseudocyphellae

4. Lichen Chemistry and Chemotaxonomy

• Secondary metabolites

• Lichen acids

• Usnic acid

• Atranorin

• Depsides

• Depsidones

• Chemical spot tests

• Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in lichens

5. Taxonomy and Systematics

• Lichen taxonomy

• Lichen systematics

• Species concepts in lichenology

• Morphological species concept

• Phylogenetic species concept

• Integrative taxonomy

• Holotype

• Isotype

• Lectotype

• Neotype

• Type specimen

6. Major Taxonomic Groups

• Family Parmeliaceae

• Family Teloschistaceae

• Family Physciaceae

• Family Ramalinaceae

• Family Cladoniaceae

• Family Verrucariaceae

• Species of Parmelia

• Species of Usnea

• Species of Cladonia

• Species of Xanthoria / Rusavskia

• Species of Lobaria

7. Ecology and Habitats

• Saxicolous lichens (rock-dwelling)

• Corticolous lichens (bark-dwelling)

• Lignicolous lichens (wood-dwelling)

• Terricolous lichens (soil-dwelling)

• Urban lichens

• Forest lichens

• Desert lichens

• Alpine lichens

• Ecological succession in lichens

• Lichen microhabitats

8. Ecological and Environmental Applications

• Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution

• Role of lichens in the nitrogen cycle

• Role of lichens in soil stabilization

• Role of lichens in soil formation

• Lichens as indicators of climate change

9. Conservation, Cultural Heritage, and Biodeterioration

• Lichen-induced biodeterioration of stone

• Effects of lichens on cultural monuments

• Bioreceptivity of Iranian Stones

• Lichen-induced patina formation

• Methods for removing lichens from monuments

• Conservation of lichen diversity

• Red List of lichens

• Lichens and salt crystallization in stone

• Lichens and chemical weathering

• Lichens and physical weathering

10. Research Methods

• Field sampling of lichens

• Lichen herbarium

• Preparation and preservation of lichen specimens

• Light microscopy in lichenology

• Electron microscopy in lichenology

• DNA extraction from lichens

• DNA barcoding in lichens

• Phylogenetic analysis of lichens

• Lichen identification keys

• Lichen nomenclatural databases

• Checklist of Iranian lichens