Lichen Biology

Mohammad Sohrabi

Lichens are extraordinary composite organisms formed through a symbiotic partnership between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner—typically green algae or cyanobacteria (photobiont). This partnership gives rise to a highly resilient life form capable of thriving in some of the most extreme environments on Earth, from frozen tundras and arid deserts to urban rooftops and ancient monuments.

Although small and often overlooked, lichens play vital roles in natural ecosystems. They contribute to soil formation, participate in nutrient cycling, provide shelter and food for various organisms, and act as sensitive indicators of air quality and environmental change. Their ability to endure harsh conditions like desiccation, extreme temperatures, and intense sunlight makes them a subject of great interest in both ecological and physiological studies.

Lichen biology is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field that bridges mycology, botany, microbiology, ecology, and molecular science. Recent advances in genetic and genomic technologies have unveiled the complexity of lichen symbioses, shifting our understanding from a simple two-partner interaction to a more intricate, multi-organism ecosystem—sometimes referred to as a holobiont.

Beyond their ecological significance, lichens hold cultural and practical value. They have been used historically in medicine, dyes, cosmetics, and food, and they are frequently found on historic and sacred sites, where they can inform studies of both biodiversity and heritage preservation.

This webpage is designed to offer an engaging and comprehensive overview of lichen biology. Whether you're a student, researcher, nature enthusiast, or conservation professional, you'll find here a wealth of information exploring the structure, diversity, ecology, and importance of lichens in our world. Dive into the fascinating realm of lichen biology and discover why these quiet organisms are key players in both science and nature.

Introduction to Lichens: History and Importance

Structure and Morphology of Lichen Thalli

Symbiotic Relationships in Lichens

Diversity of Mycobionts and Photobionts

Lichen Reproduction and Propagation

Growth Forms and Morphological Adaptations

Physiology and Metabolic Processes in Lichens

Secondary Metabolites and Their Functions

Lichen Ecology and Habitat Preferences

Lichens as Pioneer Species and Soil Formers

Lichens and Air Quality: Bioindicators of Pollution

Molecular Biology and Genomics of Lichens

Lichen Taxonomy: Concepts and Methods

Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Relationships

Lichens in Extreme Environments: Deserts to the Arctic

Lichen Diversity and Conservation Biology

Lichens on Historic Monuments and Cultural Heritage

Techniques for Studying Lichens: Field and Lab Methods

Human Uses of Lichens: From Medicine to Dye

Future Directions in Lichenological Research